Showing posts with label EN VERSION. Show all posts
Showing posts with label EN VERSION. Show all posts

Tips, Trick and How, so our facebook not get hacked or stolen!


Tips, Trick and way, so we're not on facebook be hacked!

What is Key Logger?


Keylogger is a program that is useful to record the result of typing the word every time you type using the keyboard. Keylogger allows you to monitor what people typed on that computer.

7 Most Frightening World Prison



Prison was built to punish the criminals than they are in the law of the inmates in prison as well as in Arm some ability for them after getting out of prison do not commit crimes again and to entrepreneurship and self-contained but seven prisons the following may be a person who is in fear of the prisoner to serving time in prison because the jail following 7 treats its prisoners is cruel and brutal, you want to know what it wrote 7 refer to the prison World's Most Terrifying below.

The story of Princess snow and egrets birds


burung-kuntulFar in the north, there is a kingdom of snow, the winter there very long, and most of the year covered with snow. While the summer is very short, in a moment had passed.





Why Choose Mozilla Firefox?

let's start on mozilla firefox.

No. 1 Web Browser which the most User Friendly

important facts about the domain dot.tk


Seo Image

Domain dot.tk not google friendly.

7 reasons why you should switch from vista to windows xp and windows 7


Some reasons why you should switch from vista to windows xp and windows 7.

How to download Youtube video without youtube Downloader

How to download Youtube video.

HOW TO MAKE/ASSEMBLE A DESKTOP PC (TUTORIAL)




A Computer

This time I will explain ways to assemble a computer with your own hands. This time I will discuss about intel Pentium 4 computer. Because the Pentium 4 processor is the most easy to be assembled. Pentium processor is the hard work of leading companies in the world named "intel".

Combination of hardware that I recommend:

You need a Power Supply and an operating system CD.


A Power Supply
1.Pentium 4 CPU
A P4 Prosessor

--- Asus Motherboard (for overclocking friendly)
--- An AGPx8 slot / PCI Express x16 or better
--- A VGA Card. Some motherboards have onboard VGA but I prefer to buy the VGA card.
--- A Sound Card. Some motherboards have onboard sound card.
--- Hard Drive and DVD RW (Read and Write)
--- A modem
--- LAN card (not important)
--- A monitor
--- and others


2. same as the number one but its motherboard replaced with GIGABYTE's motherboard (For Maximum Performance)


A Keyboard

Buying a computer case. If you have more money, buy a more aero dynamic so that air can enter easily.

Buy CPU Pentium 4, but make sure cpu slot same as slot motherboard!
example: you have P4 LGA 775 CPU and your motherboard supports LGA 775 slot.

Buy motherboard. If you are not expert, just buy the ASUS motherboard! Because the Asus motherboard is user friendly

Buy VGA to who likes to play games. If not, do not buy.

Buy Other devices such as hard drives, mouse, keyboard, speaker.


oh yes do not forget to buy some fans for your case.


Now it's time to install all your devices!

Plug in all cables on the chassis to the motherboard. Read the motherboard manual. I can not explain it because, every motherboard has a different place to plug it.

Place all hardware such as Hard disk and DVD RW into the space provided inside the computer case.



and connect all the connectors to the respective position. For IDE hard drive and DVD use the IDE cable. The most wide cable in the computer. There are two cables: floppy cable and IDE cable.

Then connect the power cable to all the existing hardware in the computer as well as fans.

If it has 4 fans: 2 fan directs air out the back of the case. and others send in..

Connect the monitor cable to the monitor connector. Trapezoid-shaped blue!

Turn on the computer and listen! if more than one beep then there is wrong.

BEEP CODE:


AMI BIOS beep codes
Ami Bios



Below are the AMI BIOS Beep Codes That can occur. However, Because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep codes May Vary.


Beep Code Descriptions
1 short DRAM refresh failure
2 short Parity circuit failure
3 short Base 64K RAM failure
4 short System timer failure
5 short Process failure
6 short Keyboard controller Gate A20 error
7 short Virtual mode exception error
8 short Display memory Read / Write test failure
9 short ROM BIOS checksum failure
10 short CMOS shutdown Read / Write error
11 short Cache Memory error
1 long, 3 short Conventional / Extended memory failure
1 long, 8 short Display / Retrace test failed
AWARD BIOS beep codes



Below are Award BIOS Beep Codes That can occur. However, Because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep codes May Vary.


Beep Code Description
1 long, 2 short Indicates a video error has occurred and the BIOS can not initialize the video screen to display any additional information
Any other beep (s) RAM problem.
If any other correctable hardware issues, the BIOS will display a message.


IBM BIOS beep codes



Below are IBM BIOS Beep codes general That can occur. However, Because of the wide variety of models shipping with this BIOS, the beep codes May Vary.


Beep Code Description
No Beeps icon No Power, Loose Card, or Short.
1 Short Beep Normal POST, computer is ok.
2 Short Beep POST error, review screen for error code.
Continuous Beep No Power, Loose Card, or Short.
Repeating Short Beep No Power, Loose Card, or Short.
One Long and one Short Beep Motherboard issue.
One Long and Two Short Beeps icon Video (Mono / CGA Display Circuitry) issue.
One Long and Three Short Beeps icon. Video (EGA) Display Circuitry.
Three Long Beeps icon Keyboard or Keyboard card error.
One Beep, Blank or Incorrect Display Video Display Circuitry.
Macintosh startup tones



Error Tones
Error Tone. (Two sets of different tones) Problem with logic board or SCSI bus.
Startup tone, drive spins, no video Problem with video controller.
Powers on, no tone. Logic board problem.
High Tone, four tones higher. Problem with SIMM.
Phoenix BIOS beep codes


Below are the beep codes for Phoenix BIOS Q3.07 ​​OR 4.X



Beep Code Description and what to check
1-1-1-3 Verify Real Mode.
Get CPU type 1-1-2-1.
1-1-2-3 Initialize system hardware.
1-1-3-1 Initialize chipset registers with initial POST values.
1-1-3-2 Set in POST flag.
1-1-3-3 Initialize CPU registers.
1-1-4-1 Initialize cache to initial POST values.
1-1-4-3 Initialize I / O.
1-2-1-1 Initialize Power Management.
1-2-1-2 Load alternate registers with initial POST values.
1-2-1-3 Jump to UserPatch0.
1-2-2-1 Initialize keyboard controller.
1-2-2-3 BIOS ROM checksum.
8254 timer initialization 1-2-3-1.
1-2-3-3 8237 DMA controller initialization.
Reset Programmable Interrupt Controller 1-2-4-1.
1-3-1-1 Test DRAM refresh.
1-3-1-3 Test 8742 Keyboard Controller.
1-3-2-1 Set ES segment to register to 4 GB.
28 AutoSize 1-3-3-1 DRAM.
1-3-3-3 Clear 512K base RAM.
1-3-4-1 Test 512 base address lines.
1-3-4-3 Test base 512K of memory.
1-4-1-3 Test CPU bus-clock frequency.
1-4-2-4 reinitialize the chipset.
Shadow system BIOS ROM 1-4-3-1.
1-4-3-2 reinitialize the cache.
AutoSize 1-4-3-3 cache.
1-4-4-1 Configure advanced chipset registers.
1-4-4-2 Load alternate registers with CMOS values.
2-1-1-1 Set Initial CPU speed.
2-1-1-3 Initialize interrupt vectors.
2-1-2-1 Initialize BIOS interrupts.
2-1-2-3 Check ROM copyright notice.
2-1-2-4 Initialize manager for PCI Options ROMs.
2-1-3-1 Check video configuration against CMOS.
2-1-3-2 Initialize PCI bus and devices.
2-1-3-3 Initialize all video adapters in system.
Shadow video BIOS ROM 2-1-4-1.
2-1-4-3 Display copyright notice.
2-2-1-1 Display CPU type and speed.
2-2-1-3 Test keyboard.
2-2-2-1 Set key click if enabled.
2-2-2-3 Enable keyboard 56.
2-2-3-1 Test for unexpected interrupts.
2-2-3-3 Display prompt Press F2 to enter SETUP.
2-2-4-1 Test RAM Between 512 and 640K.
Test expanded memory 2-3-1-1.
2-3-1-3 Test extended memory address lines.
2-3-2-1 Jump to UserPatch1.
2-3-2-3 Configure advanced cache registers.
2-3-3-1 Enable external and CPU caches.
2-3-3-3 Display external cache size.
2-3-4-1 Display shadow message.
2-3-4-3 Display non-disposable segments.
Display error messages 2-4-1-1.
2-4-1-3 Check for configuration errors.
2-4-2-1 Test real-time clock.
2-4-2-3 Check for keyboard errors
2-4-4-1 Set up hardware interrupts vectors.
2-4-4-3 Test coprocessor if present.
3-1-1-1 Disable onboard I / O ports.
3-1-1-3 Detect and install external RS232 ports.
3-1-2-1 Detect and install external parallel ports.
3-1-2-3 Re-initialize onboard I / O ports.
3-1-3-1 Initialize BIOS Data Area.
3-1-3-3 Initialize Extended BIOS Data Area.
3-1-4-1 Initialize floppy controller.
3-2-1-1 Initialize hard-disk controller.
3-2-1-2 Initialize local-bus hard-disk controller.
3-2-1-3 Jump to UserPatch2.
3-2-2-1 Disable A20 address line.
3-2-2-3 Clear huge ES segment register.
Search for option ROMs 3-2-3-1.
3-2-3-3 Shadow option ROMs.
3-2-4-1 Set up Power Management.
3-2-4-3 Enable hardware interrupts.
3-3-1-1 Set time of day.
3-3-1-3 Check key lock.
3-3-3-1 Erase F2 prompt.
3-3-3-3 Scan for F2 key stroke.
3-3-4-1 Enter SETUP.
3-3-4-3 Clear in-POST flag.
3-4-1-1 Check for errors
3-4-1-3 POST done - prepare to boot operating system.
One beep 3-4-2-1.
3-4-2-3 Check password (optional).
3-4-3-1 Clear global descriptor table.
3-4-4-1 Clear parity checkers.
3-4-4-3 Clear screen (optional).
3-4-4-4 Check virus and backup reminders.
4-1-1-1 Try to boot with INT 19.
Interrupt handler error 4-2-1-1.
4-2-1-3 Unknown interrupt error.
4-2-2-1 Pending interrupt error.
4-2-2-3 Initialize option ROM error.
Shutdown error 4-2-3-1.
4-2-3-3 Extended Block Move.
Shutdown 10 error 4-2-4-1.
4-3-1-3 Initialize the chipset.
4-3-1-4 Initialize refresh counter.
4-3-2-1 Check for Forced Flash.
4-3-2-2 Check HW status of ROM.
4-3-2-3 BIOS ROM is OK.
4-3-2-4 Do a complete RAM test.
4-3-3-1 Do OEM initialization.
4-3-3-2 Initialize interrupt controller.
4-3-3-3 Read in bootstrap code.
4-3-3-4 Initialize all vectors.
4-3-4-1 Boot the Flash program.
4-3-4-2 Initialize the boot device.
4-3-4-3 Boot code was read OK.


Enter your Operating system CD. If you do not have to borrow from the neighbors!
If you do not buy in a store nearby. I Suggest using WINDOWS XP OS.


Once completed your computer will run better than a straightforward purchase.

Thanks For Reading This




Anti Copy Script For HTML(BLOGGER,JOOMLA,WORDPRESS and dll)


anti-copy script for blogger


<SCRIPT type="text/javascript">
if (typeof document.onselectstart!="undefined") {
document.onselectstart=new Function ("return false");
}
else{
document.onmousedown=new Function ("return false");
document.onmouseup=new Function ("return true");
}
</SCRIPT>


_________________________________________________________________________________

Copy the code above. and place in the under <HEAD> the template to give effect to all the anti-copy page.
Place it There.

Copy the code and put it on the top of the page too! but, do not forget to change to HTML mode. once completed, change the mode to compose and save and then view the results
Place The Code There


Free CMS Templates (Joomla,Drupal,DotNetNuke,Wordpress,Blogger)


Want a free CMS Templates? If yes try to click the link below

This Free and 100% made by me

Here goes the link


Bali Island


A Bali Island



Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island (strictly speaking, the province covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the isle of Bali).

With a population recorded as 3,891,000 in the 2010 census, the island is home to most of Indonesia's small Hindu minority. In the 2000 census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.




Geography

The island of Bali is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands along the 153 km and 112 km wide approximately 3.2 km from the island of Java. Astronomically, Bali is located at 8 ° 25'23 "south latitude and 115 ° 14'55" east longitude tropical climate that makes it like the rest of Indonesia.

Mount Agung is the highest point in Bali as high as 3148 m. The volcano last erupted in March 1963. Mount Batur is also one of the mountain in Bali. About 30,000 years ago, Mount Batur erupted and produced a terrible disaster on earth. Unlike in the north, the southern part of Bali is irrigated lowland rivers.

Based on the relief and topography, in the middle of the island lie the mountains that extends from west to east and between the mountains there is a cluster of volcanoes is Mount Batur and Mount Agung and the mountains are not volcanoes, namely Mount Merbuk, Patas and Mt Gunung Seraya. The existence of these mountains cause by Geographic Region Bali is divided into 2 (two) unequal parts namely North Bali with a narrow lowland and less sloping and South Bali with extensive lowland and sloping. Slope of the island consists of flat land (0-2%) covering 122 652 ha of undulating land (2-15%) covering 118 339 ha, steep land (15-40%) and an area of ​​190 486 ha of land is very steep (> 40%) covering 132 189 ha. Bali province to have 4 (four) lakes located in the mountains, the lake Beratan, Buyan, Road and Lake Batur.

The capital of Bali is Denpasar. Other important places as Ubud is the arts center is located in Gianyar regency, while Kuta, Sanur, Seminyak, Jimbaran and Nusa Dua is a place that became a tourist destination, both onshore and tourist resort.
The total area of ​​the Province of Bali is 5636.66 km2 or 0.29% of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Administratively, the Province of Bali is divided into 9 districts / cities, 55 districts and 701 villages / wards.


 Borders region

North : Sea Bali
South: Ocean of Indonesia
Western: province of East Java
East: Nusa Tenggara Province




Culture

Music


A set of Balinese gamelan.
Balinese music has in common with traditional music in many other areas in Indonesia, for example in the use of gamelan and various other percussion instruments. Nonetheless, there are peculiarities in the technique of playing and gubahannya, for example in the form of Kecak, a form of singing that is supposedly imitating the sounds of monkeys. Similarly, also played a variety of gamelan is unique, for example jegog gamelan, gamelan gong big, xylophone gamelan, gamelan and gamelan Semar selunding Pegulingan. There is also music Angklung played for cremation ceremonies and Bebonangan music played in various other ceremonies.
There is a modern form of traditional music of Bali, for example, Gamelan Gong Kebyar which is a dance music that developed in the Dutch colonial period and Joged tube which became popular in Bali since the 1950's era. Generally Bali music is a combination of a variety of metal percussion instruments (metallophones), gongs and wooden percussion (xylophone). Because of social relations, politics and culture, traditional music of Bali or Balinese gamelan games to influence or affect each other in the area surrounding culture, for example in the traditional music and traditional music community Banyuwangi Lombok.
Gamelan orchestra
Jegog
Genggong
Silat Bali
Dance
Balinese dance in general can be categorized into three groups, the guardian or sacred dance performances, dance performances bebali or for the ceremony and also for visitors and balih-balihan or the art of dance for the entertainment of visitors.
Balinese dance experts I Made Bandem at the beginning of the 1980s had classified the Balinese dances, among others who belong to the trustee for instance Berutuk, Sang Hyang Dedari, Rejang and Gede line, among others, is Gambuh bebali, Mask and Puppet Pajegan Wong, whereas balih-balihan among others is the Legong, Parwa, Arja, Prembon and Joged as well as many other modern dance choreography.
One of the dances are very popular for tourists is the Kecak Dance. Sometime in the 1930s, Wayan Limbak working with German painter Walter Spies to create Trance dance is based on tradition and part of the Ramayana story. Wayan Limbak popularizing this dance while traveling the world with his troupe of Balinese dancers.


Young dancers were dancing grouse dance, contemporary choreographic works Suasthi Bandem Ni Luh.


Kecak Dance performances.
Dance guardian
Sang Hyang Dedari
Sang Hyang Jaran
Rejang dance
Line dance
Janger dance
Dance bebali
Mask Dance
Gambuh
Balih dance-balihan
Legong Dance
Arja
Joged tube
Drama Gong
Barong
Pendet
Kecak Dance
Prospective Charcoal
Clothing area
Bali clothing is actually very varied, although it briefly seemed the same. Each area in Bali has a symbolic and ornamental characteristics, based on the activity / ritual, sex and age of users. One's social and economic status can be determined based on the mode of dress and ornaments worn jewelry.

Man


Children wearing udeng Ubud, white shirt and a cloth.
Traditional male clothing generally consists of:
Udeng (headband)
Fabric seam
Umpal (shawl fastener)
Wastra cloth (tank)
Belt
Kris
Various ornaments jewelry
Often worn dress shirts, jackets and footwear as a complement.

Woman


The little dancers put on a bun, and songket fabric prada.
Women's traditional clothing is generally made up of:
Bun (bun)
Sesenteng (strapless songket)
Fabric Wastra
Prada belt (Stagen), twist your hips and chest
Songket shawl shoulders down
Tapih cloth or Sinjang, next to the
Various ornaments jewelry
Often kebaya worn, the cloth covering the chest, and footwear as a complement.
Food
The main food
Chicken betutu
Pork roll
Lecher
Be Kokak Mekuah
Be Pasih mesambel matah
Duck betutu
Berengkes
Grangasem
Jejeruk
Jukut Urab
Komoh
Lawar
Rice Bubuh
Rice Tepeng
Penyon
Sate Kablet
Sate Lilit
Sate pins
Sate turtle
Sate Plugs
Timbungan
Tum
Tabanan sequence
Snacks
Sago Bubuh
Bubuh Marrow
Bubuh Tuak
Jaja Batun Duren
Jaja Begina
Jaja Bendu
Jaja Bikang
Jaja Engol
Jaja Godoh
Jaja Squatting
Jaja Ketimus
Jaja Klepon
Jaja Lak-Lak
Jaja Sumping
Jaja Tain Buati
Jaja Uli mission Tape
Jaja Diamonds
Nuts Rahayu
Bulung salad
Kuah salad Pindang
Sweet salad
Tibah salad
Salak Bali

Weapon

Kris
Lance
Tiuk
Spur
Kandik
Caluk
Sickle
Udud
Gelewang
Trident
Arrow
Penampad
Garot
Tulud
Kis-Kis
Assumption
Irate
Blakas
Slicer

Traditional House

Bali house in accordance with the rules of Asta Kosala Kosali (the Vedas are the layout of rooms and buildings, like Feng Shui in Cultural China)
According to the philosophy of the Balinese people, the dynamism of life will be achieved when the realization of a harmonious relationship between aspects Pawongan, Palemahan and Parahyangan. For the construction of a house should include these aspects, or the so-called Tri Hita Karana. Pawongan are the occupants of the house. Palemahan means there must be good relations between residents and the environment.
In general, buildings or areas of traditional Balinese architecture is always filled with ornaments, carvings, tools, and the color. Decorative contain a certain sense of beauty as an expression of symbols and communication delivery. Decorative forms of fauna species also serve as ritual symbols are displayed in the sculpture.


Info About Indonesia Country!

Info About Indonesia Country!

A Photo About Indonesia's Geographic location
Nation's Name : Indonesia

Currency: IDR (Indonesian Rupiahs)

Season Available : Summer,Dry,Rainy


Location: 6°10.5′S 106°49.7′E

Supreme power in: People

System of government: Democracy

Ethnic Groups :

Javanese 40.6%
Sundanese 15%
Madurese 3.3%
Minangkabau 2.7%
Betawi 2.4%
Bugis 2.4%
Banten 2%
Banjar 1.7%
other or unspecified 29.9%

Vacation Spots: Kuta Beach(Bali) ,Borobudur Temple(Yogyakarta)




How To Register At WWW.Blogger.COM


How To Register At WWW.Blogger.COM


This time I will explain step by step on how to register at www.blogger.com!

You need:
1. An email address
---- If You Do not Have an email address then please list the
www.yahoo.com / www.google.com-
2. The title of your blog.
3. Description of your Blog
4. Brilliant ideas
5. And Other


FIRST PAGE
HOW TO REGISTER AT WWW.BLOGGER.COM (WWW.Firmanmaulana.tk)

Click this link first: >> LINK <<
then you will see the form for registration.

Fill: Email Address field with your email address that still functioning

Refills on the second box (must be same with that last box)

Enter your password in the third box!

Enter the same password again in the fourth box!

Enter your profile name on the fifth box (Display Name)

Enter your birth date in format dd / mm / yyyy eg: 04/03/1992 at sixth box

Enter the words shown in the picture above the seventh box

Check the small box that is on the line to nine!

Press Continue!

PAGE SECOND
HOW TO REGISTER AT WWW.BLOGGER.COM (WWW.Firmanmaulana.tk)

Enter your blog title in the first box!

Enter the address of the blog you want! (Can be Changed Next Time!)

If your blog address is already in use by someone else: then try changing to another blog address

Press Continue!

PAGE THREE

Select the template that you want to do (Can be Changed Next Time)

Press the Continue / finish.


CONGRATULATIONS! YOU CAN START BLOGGING!

How To Save The EARTH

Earth needs a lot of good people to save the earth. Do you think our world is still good? No. because our world is now beginning to die. This year lots of natural disasters that occurred on earth. That's because our earth is getting old and not as strong as before! Therefore we must take care of our beautiful earth.

First: We have to plant many green trees. Or participate in the reforestation! Nature would be upset if we continue to destroy the earth. Nature has helped us from ancient times until today. But why do so many people who continue to destroy the forests? Depending on the forest animals we are, too. We use wood to make a lot of stuff. I got a lot of photos from the internet




Second: Using public transport to reduce CO2 levels in the air! Carbon dioxide is a gas that are deadly to forests, ozone, and the earth. Carbon dioxide is made only on items that require fuel oil! All objects that require a would fuel produces carbon dioxide. Objects that produce smoke would also produce carbon dioxide! in future all vehicles will be forced to use electric fuel and others. Be careful if we start the barren earth it is possible that our earth would be covered by a poisonous gas! This is because in the future the plant will die because of too many toxins in the air and the plant became extinct! and of course no one else is going to produce oxygen! Only plants can make the oxygen naturally.





Third: Reduce the use of power tools. Power tools may also damage the environment because of power obtained from power plants. Power plants are destroying the earth such as coal powerplant, powerplant Oil, and others. Environmentally friendly power plants that include solar powerplant, powerplant Nuclear, wind powerplant, and the other


So. Before ARMAGEDDON START! We must Save THE EARTH! EARTH is EVERYTHING!

Effect Of Computers Hardware

VGA/GPU


VGA=Video Graphics Adapter
VGA stands for Video Graphics Adapter, is an analog computer display standard first marketed by IBM in 1987. Although the VGA standard is no longer used because it has been replaced by a newer standard, VGA is implemented on the Pocket PC. Is the last VGA graphics standard that is followed by the majority of computer graphics card manufacturer. Display Windows still use VGA mode is supported by many manufacturers because of the monitor and graphics card.


GPU=Graphics Processing Unit
A graphics processing unit or GPU (also occasionally called visual processing unit or VPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory in such a way so as to accelerate the building of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics, and their highly parallel structure makes them more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card, or it can be on the motherboard or—in certain CPUs—on the CPU die. More than 90% of new desktop and notebook computers have integrated GPUs, which are usually far less powerful than those on a dedicated video card
File:6600GT GPU.jpg



VGA / GPU are both working on the graphics. It's just that the GPU is located on the VGA. VGA includes all devices that work on the graphics. But the GPU only its center!

If the VGA memory size is large enough then the reduced level of slowness in the game / Grapics modeling software.

The faster a VGA then the game would work well too.

RAM

Random access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order with a worst case performance of constant time. Strictly speaking, modern types of DRAM are not random access, as data is read in bursts, although the name DRAM / RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM, ROM, OTP, and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense. RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. The first RAM modules to come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s and early 1970s.


The larger the memory on a RAM then you can open more applications quickly.
VGA onboard use memory RAM as the memory
CPU

The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.


Attention 

CPU greatly affect performance of a computer.The faster the better

Sound Card

A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces that use software to generate sound, as opposed to using hardware inside the PC. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education and entertainment (games) and video projection.


only affect the sound quality

NIC

Network card ( network interface card or NIC also abbreviated network card) is a card that serves as a bridge from your computer to a computer network. NIC types in circulation, divided into two types, namely a physical NIC, and NIC that is logical. Examples of a physical NIC is NIC Ethernet, Token Ring, and others, while the NIC that is logical is loopback adapter and the Dial-up Adapter. Also called Network Adapter. Each type of NIC was numbered addresses called MAC address, which can be static or can be changed by the user.



Only Affect Network Performance!

HARDDISK

A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs (often referred to as platters), coated with magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to write data to the surfaces and read it from them.

Affect Much Hardware
I cannot explain it one by one



Free Virtual VGA


VGA want it for free? I actually do not share the VGA free, but applications to improve the performance of a VGA! This is very necessary for gamers. Because today many games need a great VGA. Because I want to share some information for you! The application name is 3D Analyze!

Download the program here!



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North Korea Ballistic Missile Program


North Korea’s Ballistic Missile Programme


North Korea’s Ballistic Missile Programme
Overview
North Korea’s interest in developing a ballistic missile capability appears to stem from its continuing efforts to establish and maintain robust military forces against South Korea, Japan and US forces in the region. As such, the reach of North Korea’s missile programme has expanded from, in the 1960s and 1970s developing and deploying tactical artillery rockets, to developing and deploying short-­range ballistic missiles in the 1980s and, in the 1990s, developing and deploying medium-range ballistic missiles. Systems capable of greater ranges are currently under research and development.
North Korea’s missile programme is based primarily on Soviet Scud missile technology, and Pyongyang is believed to have developed an infrastructure for missile research and development, testing, and production. This indigenous infrastructure has been supplemented by imports of specialised material and components. Although the primary motivation for North Korea’s missile programme appears to be related to security concerns, the export of missiles and missile­-related technology to numerous customers in the Middle East and South Asia for cash and barter has become an important secondary consideration.

M4 Sherman Battle Tank




M4 Sherman's BluePrints
M4A1 Sherman Another Version Of Sherman Tank (Equipped with Rocketlauncher)



U.S. design prototype

Cutaway Sherman showing transmission and driver seat
The U.S. Army Ordnance Department designed the Medium Tank M4 as a replacement for the M3 Lee and Grant Medium Tanks. The M3 was an up-gunned development of the M2 Medium Tank of 1939, itself derived from the M2 Light Tank of 1935. The M3 was developed as a stopgap measure until a new turret mounting a 75 mm gun could be devised. While it was a big improvement when tried by the British in Africa against early German panzers, the placement of a 37 mm gun turret on top gave it a very high profile, and the unusual inflexible side-sponson mounted main gun could not be aimed across the other side of the tank.
Detailed design characteristics for the M4 were submitted by the Ordnance Department on 31 August 1940, but development of a prototype had to be delayed while the final production designs of the M3 were finished and the M3 entered full-scale production. On 18 April 1941, the U.S. Armored Force Board chose the simplest of five designs. Known as the T6, the design was a modified M3 hull and chassis, carrying a newly designed turret mounting the Lee's main gun. This became the Sherman.[7]
The Sherman's reliability benefited from many features first developed in U.S. light tanks during the 1930s, including vertical volute spring suspension, rubber-bushed tracks, and rear-mounted radial engine with drive sprockets in front. The designated goals were to produce a fast, dependable medium tank able to support infantry, provide breakthrough striking capacity, and defeat any tank then in use by the Axis nations, though it would later fall short against the much heavier tanks deployed by Germany.
The T6 prototype was completed 2 September 1941. Unlike later M4s, the hull was cast and had a side hatch, which was eliminated from production models. The T6 was standardized as the M4 and production began in October.[8]

[]Doctrine

A Sherman tank of 13th/18th Royal Hussars in action against German troops using crashed Horsa gliders as cover near Ranville, Normandy, 10 June 1944
As the US approached entry in World War II, armored employment was doctrinally governed by FM 100-5 Operations (published May 1941, the month following selection of the M4 tank's final design). That FM stated that:
The armored division is organized primarily to perform missions that require great mobility and firepower. It is given decisive missions. It is capable of engaging in all forms of combat, but its primary role is in offensive operations against hostile rear areas.[9]
In other words, the M4 was envisioned to primarily fill the role of a cruiser tank — although the US Army did not use that doctrinal term. The M4 was not primarily intended as an infantry support tank; in fact, FM 100-5 specifically stated the opposite. It placed tanks in the "striking echelon" of the armored division, and placed the infantry in the "support echelon". Neither was the M4 primarily intended for tank versus tank action. Doctrinally, anti-tank engagements were the primary role of tank destroyers. The field manual covering the use of the Sherman (FM 17-33, "The Tank Battalion, Light and Medium" of September 1942) devoted one page of text and four diagrams to tank versus tank action (out of 142 pages).[10] This early armored doctrine was heavily influenced by the sweeping initial successes of the German blitzkrieg tactics. Unfortunately, by the time M4s reached combat in significant numbers, battlefield demands for infantry support and tank versus tank action far outnumbered the occasional opportunities for cruiser tanks.
Although envisioned primarily as a cruiser-type tank, US doctrine did also contemplate the M4's use in other roles. Unlike some other nations, which had separate medium tank designs tailored specifically for anti-tank roles (e.g., the German PzKw III) and support roles (the PzKw IV), the US intended the M4 to fulfill all roles. Although not optimized for tank versus tank engagements or infantry support, the M4 was capable of performing these missions to varying degrees. In the Pacific Theater, the Sherman was used chiefly against Japanese infantry and fortifications; in their rare encounters with lighter Japanese tanks with weaker armor and guns, the Shermans were vastly superior.
The official doctrine of the time had Shermans as a sort of infantry tank. All anti-tank work was supposed to be done by tank-destroyer crews. Speed was essential in order to bring the tank-destroyers from the rear to destroy incoming tanks. Thankfully, for Sherman crews, this doctrine was not entirely used as it would create a small time window of vulnerability in the armored battalion until tank destroyers moved to the front. Obviously this would make it harder for an armored force to achieve a breakthrough, a main objective of armor, if the enemy had tanks. It would also be easier for an opposing armored force to achieve a breakthrough against an American tank battalion which would not have all of its anti-tank assets at the front during the beginning of any attack.[11]

]U.S. production history

M4A1 with cast hull
M4 and M4A1 (shown), the first Shermans, share the inverted U backplate and inherited their engine and exhaust system from the earlier M3 Lee.
This M4A4 has extra armor plates in front of crew hatches.
The first production began with the Lima Locomotive Works on the assembly line set for tanks for British use. The first production Sherman was given over to the US Army for evaluation and it was the second tank of the British order that went to London. Named Michael probably after Michael Dewar, head of the British Tank mission in the US, it was displayed in London and is now an exhibit at Bovington Tank Museum.[12][13]
In World War II, the U.S. Army ultimately fielded 16 armored divisions, along with 70 independent tank battalions; the U.S. Marine Corps also fielded six independent Sherman tank battalions for a total of 76, enough for 25 more armored divisions. A third of all Army tank battalions, and all six Marine tank battalions, were deployed to the Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO).[14] Prior to September 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had announced a production program calling for 120,000 tanks for the Allied war effort, which would have created 61 armored divisions. Although the American industrial complex was not affected by enemy aerial bombing nor submarine warfare as was JapanGermanyand, to a lesser degree, Great Britain, an enormous amount of steel for tank production had been diverted to warships and other naval vessels.[15] The use of steel for naval construction amounted to the equivalent of approximately 67,000 tanks; and consequently only about 53,500 tanks were produced during 1942 and 1943.[16]
The Army had seven main sub-designations for M4 variants during production: M4, M4A1, M4A2, M4A3, M4A4, M4A5, and M4A6. These designations did not necessarily indicate linear improvement: for example, A4 was not meant to indicate it was better than the A3. These sub-types indicated standardized production variations, which were in fact often manufactured concurrently at different locations. The sub-types differed mainly in engines, although the M4A1 differed from the M4 by its fully cast upper hull; the M4A4 had a longer engine system that required a longer hull, a longer suspension system, and more track blocks; M4A5 was an administrative placeholder for Canadian production; and the M4A6 had an elongated chassis, but fewer than 100 of these were produced.
While most Shermans ran on gasoline, the M4A2 and M4A6 had diesel engines: the M4A2 with a pair of GMC 6-71 straight six engines,[17]the M4A6 a Caterpillar RD1820 radial.[18] These, plus the M4A4, which used the Chrysler A57 multibank engine, were mostly supplied to Allied countries under Lend-Lease.[19] "M4" can refer specifically to the initial sub-type with its Continental radial engine, or generically, to the entire family of seven Sherman sub-types, depending on context. Many details of production, shape, strength and performance improved throughout production, without a change to the tank's basic model number: more durable suspension units, safer "wet" (W) ammunition stowage, and stronger armor arrangements, such as the M4 Composite, which had a cast front hull section mated to a welded rear hull. British nomenclature differed from that employed by the U.S.
A 24-volt electrical system was used in the M4.[3]
M4 Sherman: comparison of key production features of selected models
DesignationMain ArmamentHullEngine
M4(105)105 mm howitzerweldedgasoline Continental R975 radial
M4 Composite75 mmcast front welded sidesgasoline Continental R975 radial
M4A1(76)W76 mmcastgasoline Continental R975 radial
M4A275 mmweldeddiesel GM 6046 (2x6-71 inline)
M4A3W75 mmweldedgasoline Ford GAA V8
M4A3E2 "Jumbo"75 mm (some 76 mm)weldedgasoline Ford GAA V8
M4A3E8(76)W "Easy Eight"76 mmweldedgasoline Ford GAA V8
M4A475 mmwelded lengthenedgasoline Chrysler A57 5x6-cyl inline
M4A675 mmcast front welded sides lengtheneddiesel Caterpillar D200A radial

Early Shermans mounted a 75 mm medium-velocity general-purpose gun. Although Ordnance began work on the Medium Tank T20 as a Sherman replacement, ultimately the Army decided to minimize production disruption by incorporating elements of other tank designs into the Sherman. Later M4A1, M4A2, and M4A3 models received the larger T23 turret with a high-velocity 76 mm M1 gun, which reduced the number of HE and smoke rounds carried and increased the number of anti-tank rounds. Later, the M4 and M4A3 were factory-produced with a 105 mm howitzer and a new distinctive mantlet in the original turret. The first standard-production 76 mm gun Sherman was an M4A1, accepted in January 1944, and the first standard-production 105 mm howitzer Sherman was an M4 accepted in February 1944.
In June–July 1944, the Army accepted a limited run of 254 M4A3E2 Jumbo Shermans, which had very thick armor, and the 75 mm gun in a new, heavier T23-style turret, in order to assault fortifications. The M4A3 was the first to be factory-produced with the HVSS (horizontal volute spring suspension) suspension with wider tracks to distribute weight, and the smooth ride of the HVSS with its experimental E8 designation led to the nickname Easy Eight for Shermans so equipped. Both the Americans and the British developed a wide array of special attachments for the Sherman; few saw combat, and most remained experimental. Those that saw action included the bulldozer blade for the Sherman dozer tanksDuplex Drivefor "swimming" Sherman tanks, R3 flamethrower for Zippo flame tanks, and the T34 60-tube Calliope 4.5" rocket launcher for the Sherman turret. The British variants (DDs and mine flails) formed part of the group of specialized vehicles collectively known as "Hobart's Funnies" (after Percy Hobart, commander of the 79th Armoured Division).
The M4 Sherman's basic chassis was used for all the sundry roles of a modern mechanized force: roughly 50,000 Sherman tanks, plus thousands more derivative vehicles under different model numbers. These included M32 and M74 "tow truck"-style recovery tanks with winches, booms, and an 81 mm mortar for smoke screens; M34 (from M32B1) and M35 (from M10A1) artillery prime moversM7B1M12M40, and M43 self-propelled artillery; and the M10 Wolverine (Achilles, in British service) and M36 Jackson tank destroyers.
M4A4 Cutaway
1 - Lifting ring
2 - Ventilator
3 - Turret hatch
4 - Periscope
5 - Turret hatch race
6 - Turret seat
7 - Gunner's seat
8 - Turret seat
9 - Turret
10 - Air cleaner
11 - Radiator filler cover
12 - Air cleaner manifold
13 - Power unit
14 - Exhaust pipe
15 - Track idler
16 - Single water pump
17 - Radiator
18 - Generator
19 - Rear propeller shaft
20 - Turret basket
21 - slip ring
22 - Front propeller shaft
23 - Suspension bogie
24 - Transmission
25 - Main drive sprocket
26 - Driver's seat
27 - Machine gunner's seat
28 - 75 mm gun
29 - Drivers hatch
30 - M 1919A4 machine gun
M4A4 cutaway.svg

[]Service history

First type in U.S. service: A U.S. 7th Army M4A1 lands at Red Beach 2, Sicily on July 10, 1943 during the Allied invasion of Sicily.
M4A3E8 participating in a World War II victory parade has front armor flat against both crew hatches compared to others that protruded above sloping armor.

[edit]Allocation

During World War II, approximately 19,247 Shermans were issued to the US Army and about 1,114 to the US Marine Corps.[20] The U.S. also supplied 17,184 to Great Britain (some of which went to the Canadians and the Free Poles), while the Soviet Union received 4,102[21] and an estimated 812 were transferred to China.[22] These numbers were distributed further to the respective countries' allied nations.
The U.S. Marine Corps used the diesel M4A2 and gasoline-powered M4A3 in the Pacific. However, the Chief of the Army's Armored Force, Lt. Gen. Jacob L. Devers, ordered no diesel-engined Shermans be used by the Army outside the Zone of Interior (the continental U.S.). The Army used all types for either training or testing within the United States, but intended the M4A2 and M4A4 (with the A57 Multibank engine) to be the primary Lend-Lease exports.

[edit]First combat

The Sherman was being issued in small numbers for familiarization to US armored Divisions when there was a turn of events in the Western Desert. Rommel had taken Tobruk, and Egypt (and the Suez Canal) was threatened. The US considered collecting all Shermans together so as to be able to send the 2nd Armored Division under Patton to reinforce Egypt, but delivering the Shermans directly to the British was quicker and 300 had arrived there by September 1942.[12]
The M4A1 Sherman first saw combat at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 with the British 8th Army. The first U.S. Shermans in battle were M4A1s in Operation Torch the next month. At this time, Shermans successfully engaged German Panzer IIIs with long barreled 50 mm L/60 guns, and Panzer IVs with short barreled 75 mm L/24 guns. Additional M4s and M4A1s replaced M3 Lees in U.S. tank battalions over the course of the North African campaign. The M4 and M4A1 were the main types in U.S. units until late 1944, when the Army began replacing them with the preferred M4A3 with its more powerful 500 hp (370 kW) engine. Some M4s and M4A1s continued in U.S. service for the rest of the war.
Encounters with a company of Tiger Is, with their heavier armor and 88 mm L/56 guns, in Tunisia were typical of the mid-war period: the fearsome quality of a few German heavy tanks and their crews could sometimes be overcome by the quantity and mobility of the Shermans, supported by artillery and airpower, but sometimes at a great cost in U.S. tanks and crewmen. By June 1944, the Panzer IV had been up-gunned with a 75 mm L/48 weapon, and 75 mm Shermans were out-gunned on a regular basis. The first Sherman to enter combat with the 76 mm gun in July 1944 was the M4A1, closely followed by the M4A3. By the end of the war, half the U.S. Army Shermans in Europe had the 76 mm gun. The first HVSS Sherman to see combat was the M4A3E8(76)W in December 1944.

[]Pacific Theater

As part of Operation Dexterity, a Sherman advances through a tropical rain forest on New Britain, in the South-West Pacific.
While combat in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) consisted of high-profile armored warfare, the mainly naval nature of the Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO) relegated it to secondary status for both the Allies and the Japanese. While the US Army fielded 16 armored divisions and 70 independent tank battalions during the war, only a third of the battalions and none of the divisions were deployed to the Pacific Theater.[23] Indeed, even the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) deployed only their 2nd Tank Division to the Pacific during the war.[24] The environment in which armor from both sides had to operate was generally described as tropical rain forests, which most armies simply classified as jungles. For this type of terrain, the Japanese and the Allies found light tanks easier to transport, maneuver and employ.[25]
During the early stages of combat in the Pacific, specifically the Guadalcanal Campaign, the U.S. Marine Corps' M2A4 light tank fought against the equally matched Type 95 Ha-Go light tank; both were armed with a 37 mm main gun, however the M2 (produced in 1940) was newer by five years.[26] By 1943, the IJA still used the Type 95 and Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tanks, while Allied forces were quickly replacing their light tanks with 75 mm-armed M4s.[27] The Chinese in India received 100 M4 Shermans and used them to great effect in the subsequent 1943 and 1944 offensives.
To counter the Sherman[citation needed], the Japanese developed the Type 3 Chi-Nu and the heavier Type 4 Chi-To; both tanks were armed with 75 mm guns, but of different type. Only 166 Type-3's and two Type-4's were built and none saw combat; they were saved for the defense of the Japanese homeland, leaving 1930s vintage light and medium tanks to do battle against 1940s built medium Allied armor.[citation needed]
During these latter years of the war, General Purpose High Explosive (HE) ammunition was preferred, because armor-piercing rounds, which had been designed for penetrating thicker steel, simply went through the thin armor of Japanese tanks, and often out the other side without stopping. Although the high-velocity guns of the tank destroyers were useful for penetrating fortifications, M4s armed with flamethrowers were often deployed, as direct cannon fire seldom destroyed Japanese fortifications.[28][29]

[]Post–World War II

Last type in US service: M4A3E8 Sherman used as artillery in firing position during the Korean War.
After World War II, the U.S. kept the M4A3E8 Easy Eight in service with either the 76 mm gun or a 105 mm howitzer. The Sherman remained a common U.S. tank in the Korean War. Despite no longer being the primary US tank it fought alongside the M26 Pershing and M46 Patton. Both the Sherman and T-34 were comparable and could destroy each other when hit. The Sherman had better optics, which gave it a better chance of scoring a first round hit.[30]
The Army replaced them with Pattons during the 1950s. The U.S. continued to transfer Shermans to its allies, which contributed to widespread foreign use.

[edit]Armament

The gun on the original M4 was the short-barreled medium-velocity 75mm M3 gun. When it first saw combat in North Africa in late 1942 against the Panzer III and Panzer IV, the Sherman's gun could penetrate the armor of these tanks within 1,000 yd (910 m). U.S. Army Intelligence discounted the arrival of the Tiger I in late 1942 and the Panther tank in 1943, predicting the Panther to be a heavy tank like the Tiger, and doubted they would produce many. There were also reports of relatively small British 6 pdr (57 mm) guns being able to take out the Tiger. However, this was only happening at very close ranges and against the thinner side armor. Due to their misconceptions related to this, and also due to tests seeming to prove the 76 mm able to take out the Tiger and the Panther without worry, AGF was not worried about the Tiger that much. These tests were later ruled inaccurate, with Eisenhower even remarking he was wrongly told by Ordnance the 76 mm could knock out any German tank. The Army also failed to anticipate the Germans would make the Panther the standard tank of their panzer divisions in 1944, supported by numbers of Tigers.[31]
As a result, the Bureau of Ordnance, which had developed new 90 mm and 76 mm anti-tank guns in 1943, did not provide U.S. armored forces with these guns which were better-suited to engaging the Panther and Tiger. Even in 1943, most German AFVs (later models of the Panzer IV, StuG III, and Marder III) mounted 7.5 cm KwK 40. As a result, even weakly armored light German tank destroyers such as the Marder III, which was meant to be a stop-gap measure to fight Soviet tanks in 1942, could destroy Shermans from a distance. The disparity in firepower between the German armored fighting vehicles of 1943 and the 75mm-armed M4 was the impetus to begin production of 76mm-armed M4s in April 1944.[32] The U.S. 76 mm proved comparable in penetrating power to the 7.5 cm KwK 40,[33] the most common German tank gun encountered during the fighting in France, however transfer of the tanks to the front started slowly, and most tanks still had M3's, even by Operation Cobra.[34]
The 76 mm gun could penetrate roughly 88 mm of armor at 1000 m, just around the average tank engagement range noted by the Canadians. This was enough to reliably penetrate a PzIV's glacis. However, the 76 mm was not powerful enough against the frontal armor of a Panther. Due to its angle, the Panther's glacis gave it an effective thickness of 140 mm (5.51 in). Shermans had to get relatively close, due to both the armor and low-flash powder of the Panther which made it harder to spot. Sherman crews also had issues with firing from range as the Sherman's high flash powder made their shots easy to spot. Their gun sights were fixed magnification compared to the German's multiple magnification settings with added anti-glare filter. In Summer 1944, after breaking out of the bocage and moving into open country, U.S. tank units who were engaged at range from German defensive positions sometimes took 50% casualties before spotting where the fire was coming from.[35]
The Sherman was first equipped with the L/40 75mm M3 Gun, which firing the usual M61 round could penetrate 77 mm at 100m and 61 mm at 1000m. The average combat range noted by the Americans for tank vs. tank action was 800m to 900m. Conditions later in the war necessitated up-gunning to the 76mm L/55 M1A2, which could penetrate 124 mm at 100m and 83 mm at 1000m using the usual M79 round. The M1A2 helped to equalize the Sherman and the PzIV in terms of firepower, although the M4 was still under-gunned compared to the Panther's much more powerful L/70 75mm gun, which could penetrate 138 mm at 100 m[citation needed] and 111 mm at 1000m using the usual PzGr.39/42 round. The British-developedSherman Firefly was up-gunned with the 17 pdr. gun. The 17 pdr was a 76 mm gun and had a 55 caliber barrel, but introduced a much bigger charge which allowed it to penetrate 140 mm at 100 m[citation needed] and 120 mm at 1000 m using APC Mk.IV shot.[36] This gun allowed the Firefly a slight firepower advantage over the Panther, although the muzzle flash due to unburnt powder from the increased charge left crews momentarily blinded after firing.[5]

[]The tank destroyer doctrine

Gen. Lesley J. McNair was head of Army Ground Forces. McNair, an artilleryman, championed the tank destroyer within the U.S. Armored Forces. Tanks were to support the infantry, exploit breakthroughs, and avoid tank-to-tank battles. Enemy tanks were to be engaged by the tank destroyer force, composed of a mix self-propelled tank destroyers and towed antitank guns. Self-propelled tank destroyers, called "gun motor carriages", were similar to tanks but were lightly armored with open-topped turrets. The tank destroyers were supposed to be faster and carry a more powerful anti-tank gun than tanks; armor was sacrificed for speed. The tank destroyer doctrine played a large role in the lack of urgency in improving the firepower of the M4 Sherman, as the emphasis was on its role as infantry support.[37]
McNair approved the 76 mm upgrade to the M4 Sherman and production of the 90 mm M36 tank destroyer, but he staunchly opposed development of the T26 and other proposed heavy tanks during the crucial period of 1943 because he saw no "battle need" for them.
In mid-1943, Lt. General Devers, commander of U.S. forces in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), asked for 250 T26s for use in the invasion of France. McNair refused. Devers appealed to General George Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff. Marshall summarily ordered the tanks to be provided to the ETO as soon as they could be produced. Soon after theNormandy invasion, General Dwight D. Eisenhower urgently requested heavy tanks (now designated M26 Pershing), but McNair's continued opposition delayed production. General Marshall intervened again and the tanks were eventually brought into production. However, only a few saw combat on February 25, 1945, too late to have any effect on the battlefield.[38]

[]Gun development

This M4A2(76) HVSS shows the T23 turret with later 76 mm gun's muzzle brake. This one also has fenders, usually omitted on U.S. vehicles to ease maintenance.
When the 76 mm gun was first installed in the M4 turret, it was found to unbalance the turret, and the gun barrel was also thought to protrude too far forward, making it more difficult to transport and susceptible to hit the ground on undulating terrain. Ordnance reduced the barrel length by 15 inches (from 57 calibers long to 52), which decreased performance by 10%. Mounting this gun in the original M4 turret proved to be problematic, and so the turret for the aborted T23 tank project was used instead for the definitive production version of the 76 mm M4 Shermans.[39]
Although tests against armor plate suggested the new M1A1 76 mm gun would be adequate, testing against captured Panther tanks was never done. This would have shown the gun could not penetrate the glacis plate of the Panther at any distance, and could only penetrate the center of the gun mantlet at 100 meters.[40]
The 90 mm gun developed by U.S. Ordnance could not be easily installed on the M4, but was installed on the open turreted M36 tank destroyer, and was the main gun for the T26 tank project (which eventually became the M26 Pershing). An attempt to upgrade the M4 Sherman by installing the 90 mm T26 turret on a M4A3 hull in April 1944 was halted after realizing it could not go into production sooner than the T26 and would likely delay T26 development.[41]
In testing prior to the invasion of Normandy, the new 76 mm gun on the M4 Sherman was found to have a undesirable muzzle blast that kicked up dust from the ground and obscured vision for further firing. The addition of a muzzle brake solved this problem by directing the blast sideways. It also had a much weaker high-explosive shell than the existing 75 mm gun. Standard Army doctrine at the time emphasized the importance of the infantry support role of the tank, and the high-explosive round was considered more important. Hence the 76 mm M4 was not initially accepted by various US Armored Division commanders, even though a number had already been produced and were available. All of the US Army M4s deployed initially in Normandy in June 1944 had the 75 mm gun.[42]
British Firefly in Namur, 1944
The British were more astute in their anticipation of the future development of German armor — beginning development of a 3-inch (76 mm) anti-tank gun even before its 57mm predecessor entered service and planning for its use in tanks that would replace the M4. Out of expediency driven by delays in their new tank designs, they mounted this high-powered Ordnance QF 17-pounder gun in a standard 75 mm M4 Sherman turret. This conversion became the Sherman Firefly. The 17 pounder still could not penetrate the glacis plate of the Panther but it could easily penetrate the Panther's gun mantlet at combat range;[43] moreover it could penetrate the front and side armor of the Tiger I at nearly the same range that the Tiger I could penetrate the Sherman.[44] Late in 1944, the British began to produce saboted rounds for the 17 pounder gun, which could readily penetrate the armor of even the Tiger IIs, but these rounds were not as accurate and not generally available.
In late 1943, the British offered the 17 pounder to the U.S. Army for use in their M4 tanks. General Devers insisted on comparison tests between the 17 pounder and the U.S. 90 mm gun (even though the 17 pounder could be mounted in a standard M4 turret while the 90 mm gun needed a new turret). The tests were finally done on March 25 and May 23, 1944; they seemed to show that the 90 mm gun was equal to or better than the 17 pounder. By then, production of the 76 mm M4 and the 90 mm M36 tank destroyer were both underway and U.S. Army interest in the 17 pounder waned.
Fighting against Panther tanks in Normandy quickly demonstrated the need for better anti-tank firepower, and the 76 mm M4s were deployed to First Army units in July 1944. GeneralGeorge S. Patton's Third Army were initially issued 75 mm M4s and accepted 76 mm M4 Shermans only after the Battle of Arracourt against Panther tanks in late September 1944.[45]
High-Velocity Armor Piercing (HVAP) ammunition, standardized as M93, became available in August 1944 for the 76 mm gun. The projectile contained a tungsten core penetrator surrounded by a lightweight aluminum body, which gave it a higher velocity and more penetrating power. However, this new projectile was still unable to penetrate the glacis plate of the Panther tank although it could penetrate the turret mantlet of the Panther at longer ranges than standard ammunition; it brought the U.S. 76 mm gun closer in performance to the British 17 pounder using standard APC ammunition. Because of tungsten shortages, HVAP rounds were constantly in short supply. Priority was given to U.S. tank destroyer units; most Shermans carried only a few rounds and some units never received any.[46]
After the heavy tank losses of the Battle of the Bulge, in January 1945, General Eisenhower asked that no more 75 mm M4s be sent to Europe: only 76 mm M4s were wanted.[47]
Additionally, interest in mounting the British 17-pounder in U.S. Shermans flared anew. In February 1945, the U.S. Army began sending 75 mm M4s to England for conversion to the 17-pounder gun. Approximately 100 tanks were completed by the beginning of May. By then, the end of the war in Europe was clearly in sight, and the U.S. Army decided that the logistics of adding a new ammunition caliber to the supply train was not warranted. None of the converted 17-pounder M4s were deployed by the U.S., and it is unclear what happened to most of them, although some were given to the British as part of Lend-Lease.[48]
The higher-velocity 76 mm M1 gun gave Shermans anti-tank firepower at least equal to most of the German vehicles they encountered, particularly the Panzer IV, and StuG. However, with a regular AP (Armor Piercing shot) ammunition (M79) or APCBC (M62) shells, the 76 mm might knock out a Panther only at close range with a shot to its mantlet or flank. At long range, the Sherman was badly outmatched by the Panther's 75 mm gun, which could easily penetrate the Sherman's armor from all angles. This, and the US Army's usual offensive tactical situation, contributed to the losses of Sherman tanks suffered by the U.S. Army in Europe.[49]
The M4 was criticized by its crews for inability to pivot turn (turn in place), limiting its usefulness in urban warfare against pivot-turning Panthers.[50] This deficiency was partially compensated by the faster traverse of its turret.

[]Miscellaneous

USMC M4A3 uses its flame thrower armament during the Battle of Iwo Jima.
The Sherman was one of the first widely produced tanks to feature a gyroscopic stabilized gun and sight. The stabilization was only in the vertical plane, as the mechanism could not slew the turret. The stabilizer was sufficient to keep the gun within 1/8th of a degree, or 2 mils while crossing moderately rough terrain at 15 miles an hour. This gave a hit probability of 70% on enemy tanks at ranges of 300 to 1200 yards.[51]The utility of the stabilization is debatable, with some saying it was useful for its intended purpose, others only for using the sights for stabilized viewing on the move.[52] Some operators disabled the stabilizer.
The 75 mm gun also had an effective canister round that functioned as a large shotgun. In the close fighting of the French bocage, the 2nd Armored Division tanks used Culin Hedgerow Cutters fitted to their tanks to push three tanks together through a hedgerow. The flank tanks would clear the back of the hedgerow on their side with canister rounds while the center tank would engage and suppress known or suspected enemy positions on the next hedgerow. This approach permitted surprisingly fast progress through the very tough and well-defended hedgerows in Normandy. Over 500 sets of these were fitted to US armored vehicles, and many fitted to various British tanks (where they were called "Prongs"). Other units devised other similar devices.[53]
A variant of the M4 Sherman was armed with the 105 mm M4 howitzer, which provided even more powerful high-explosive armament. This variant was employed in six-vehicle "Assault Gun" platoons in armored battalions to provide close fire support and smoke. The 105mm-armed variants were of limited use against enemy tanks due to the poor anti-armor performance of the howitzer, which was not intended to fight other tanks, though a High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) round for the 105 mm howitzer was available for self-defense.
The 75 mm gun had a white phosphorus shell originally intended for use as an artillery marker to help with targeting. M4 tank crews discovered that the shell could also be used against the Tiger and Panther — when the burning white phosphorus splattered against the German tank, in addition to blinding the enemy gunner's excellent optics, the acrid smoke would get sucked inside the tank, and together with the fear of the fire spreading inside the tank, cause the crew to abandon the tank.[54] There were several recorded instances where white phosphorus shells "knocked out" German tanks in this fashion.[55]

[]Armor

This early 75 mm gun turret on an M4A4 shows the single hatch — note the additional rectangular external (welded on)applique armor patch reinforcing the ammunition bin protection on the hull side.
The steel frontal turret armor of the M4 ranged from 64–76 mm (2.52–2.99 in).[56] The M4’s gun mantlet was also protected by 76 mm (2.99 in) of armor[56] sloped[clarification needed] at 30 degrees,[57] The turret side armor was 50 mm (1.97 in) a 5-degree angle[57] while the rear was 64 mm at a 90-degree angle and the turret roof was 25 mm thick.[58] The hull front sported 51 mm armor.[56][58] Although the Russian T-34 is often credited for introducing sloped armor in a production tank[citation needed], the Sherman's upper hull was angled at 56 degrees, while the lower half of the hull was curved.[58] The earlier U.S. M2 and M3 medium tanks also had sloped armor. The hull sides were 38–45 mm (1.50–1.77 in) thick,[57][59] and vertical.[58] The hull rear—which protected and was offset from the rear radiator on some versions—was 38 mm (1.50 in) to the vertical or sloped to 85 degrees.[clarification needed] The hull roof was 25 mm (0.98 in).[58]
The armor of the M4 was effective against most early war anti-tank weapons,[56] but was easily penetrated by later German tank guns and anti-tank guns. Early versions had unfortunate shot traps, locations where the effect of slope was greatly reduced, located just in front of the driver and assistant driver. The 75 mm L/48 tank guns would penetrate up to a range of 1,370[60] – 1,500 meters, and larger guns could penetrate past 2,000 metres.[61] Regardless of this vulnerability, historian John Buckley has stated the M4 was "moderately superior" to the relatively small, but older Panzer IV. Although the later modeled medium and heavy tanks were greatly feared, Buckley opinionated "The vast majority of German tanks encountered in Normandy were either inferior, or at least, merely equal to the Sherman."[62] The Sherman, like most Allied vehicles, remained vulnerable to infantry anti-tank weapons such as the Panzerschreck and Panzerfaust.[citation needed]
Progressively thicker armor was added to hull front and turret mantlet in various improved models. Many had an additional rectangular patch on each side protecting ammunition storage, others had an additional slanted plate in front of each front crew hatch. Field improvisations included placing sandbags, spare track links, concrete, wire mesh, or even wood for increased protection against shaped-charge rounds, even though it had little effect. Mounting sandbags around a tank had little effect against high-velocity anti-tank gunfire, but was thought to provide standoff protection against HEAT weapons, primarily the German Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck. By 1945, it was rare to see a Sherman without any field improvisations. In the only study known to have been done to test the use of sandbags, on March 9, 1945, officers of the 1st Armored Group tested standard Panzerfaust 60s against sandbagged M4s; shots against the side blew away the sandbags and still penetrated the side armor, whereas shots fired at an angle against the front plate blew away some of the sandbags but failed to penetrate the armor. Earlier, in the summer of 1944, General Patton, informed by his ordnance officers that sandbags were useless and that the machines' chassis suffered from the extra weight, had forbidden the use of sandbags. Following the clamor for better armor and firepower after the losses of the Battle of the Bulge, Patton ordered extra armor plates salvaged from knocked-out American and German tanks welded to the front hulls of tanks of his command. Approximately 36 of these up-armored M4s were supplied to each of the armored divisions of the Third Army in the spring of 1945.[63]
M4A3E2 Sherman Jumbo. Some units replaced the original 75 mm gun with a 76 mm gun.
The M4A3E2 Sherman Jumbo variant had even thicker frontal armor than the Tiger I. Intended for the assault to break out of the Normandy beachhead, it entered combat in August 1944.[citation needed]
The M4 had an escape hatch on the hull bottom to help the crew survive and, in the Pacific, Marines used this Sherman feature in reverse to recover wounded infantry under fire. Combat experience indicated the single hatch in the three-man turret to be inadequate for timely evacuation[citation needed], so Ordnance added a loader's hatch beside the commander's. Later M4s also received redesigned hull hatches for better egress.[citation needed]
The 1943 modernization program for older tanks added welded patches of appliqué armor to the sides of the turret and hull. Note also the Culin hedgerow cutter on the front, a field improvisation to break through the thick hedgerows of the Normandy bocage.
Research conducted by the British No. 2 Operational Research Section, after the Normandy campaign, concluded a Sherman would be set alight 82% of the time following an average of 1.89 penetrations of the tank’s armor; in comparison they also concluded the Panzer IV would catch fire 80% of the time following an average of 1.5 penetrations, the Panther would light 63% of the time following 3.24 penetrations, and the Tiger would catch fire 80% of the time following 3.25 penetrations.[64] John Buckley, using a case study of the 8th and 29th Armoured Brigades found that of the 166 Shermans knocked out in combat during the Normandy campaign, only 94 were burnt out; 56.6%. Buckley also notes that an American survey carried out concluded that 65% of tanks burnt out after being penetrated.[65]United States Army research proved that the major reason for this was the stowage of main gun ammunition in the sponsons above the tracks. A U.S. Army study in 1945 concluded that only 10–15 percent of wet-stowage Shermans burned when penetrated, compared to 60–80 percent of the older dry-stowage Shermans[66]
At first a partial remedy to ammunition fires in the M4 was found by welding 1-inch-thick (25 mm) appliqué armor plates to the sponson sides over the ammunition stowage bins. Later models moved ammunition stowage to the hull floor, with additional water jackets surrounding the main gun ammunition stowage. The practice, known as "wet stowage", reduced the chance of fire after a hit by a factor of four.[citation needed]The Sherman gained grim nicknames like "Tommycooker" (by the Germans, who referred to British soldiers as "Tommies"; a tommy cookerwas a World War I era trench stove). The British took to calling it the "Ronson", the cigarette lighter which had the slogan "Lights up the first time, every time!" Polish tankers referred to it as "The Burning Grave".[citation needed]
Many think that the fires the Sherman is infamous for was a result of its gasoline engine[citation needed]. Actually, most of the tanks of the time used gasoline engines. Fuel fires occasionally occurred, but such fires were far less common and less deadly than ammunition fires.[66] In many cases the fuel tank of the Sherman was found intact after a fire. Tankers describe "fierce, blinding jets of flame," which is inconsistent with gasoline-related fires but fits cordite flash.[65]
The armor of the Sherman comparatively to the Panther can be described by statements used in a report to General Eisenhower at SHAEF:
I have actually seen ricochets go through an M4 at 3000 yards. I have seen HEAT fired from a 105mm Howitzer at a Mark V [Panther] at 400 yards. The track was hit and damaged, and a direct hit on the turret only chipped the paint.[67]

[]Mobility

Vertical volute springs of Stuart tank with similar suspension system.
The U.S. Army restricted the Sherman's height, width, and weight so that it could be transported via typical bridges, roads, and railroads. This aided strategic, logistical, and tactical flexibility.
The Sherman had good speed both on- and off-road. Off-road performance varied. In the desert, the Sherman's rubber tracks performed well. In the confined, hilly terrain of Italy, the Sherman could often cross terrain that some German tanks could not.
Albert Speer recounted in his autobiography Inside the Third Reich
On the southwestern front (Italy) reports on the cross country mobility of the Sherman have been very favorable. The Sherman climbs mountains our tank experts consider inaccessible to tanks. One great advantage is that the Sherman has a very powerful motor in proportion to its weight. Its cross-country mobility on level ground is, as the 26th Armoured Division reports, definitely superior to that of our tanks[68]
However whilst this may have held true compared with the 1st generation German tanks such as the PzKfpw. III & IV, actual comparative testing with the 2nd generation German tanks (Panther & Tiger) conducted by the Germans at their Kummersdorf testing facility as-well as by the US 2nd Armored Division, proved otherwise.
Lieutenant Colonel Wilson M. Hawkins of the 2nd AD wrote the following comparing the US M4 Sherman and German Panther in a report to Allied headquarters:
"It has been claimed that our tank is the more maneuverable. In recent tests we put a captured German Mark V [Panther] against all models of our own. The German tank was the faster, both across country and on the highway and could make sharper turns. It was also the better hill climber"[69]
This was backed up in an interview with Technical Sergeant Willard D. May of the 2nd AD who commented:
"I have taken instructions on the Mark V [Panther] and have found, first, it is easily as maneuverable as the Sherman; second the flotation exceeds that of the Sherman"[69]
Staff Sergeant and Tank Platoon Sergeant Charles A Carden completes the comparison in his report:
"The Mark V [Panther] and IV [Tiger] in my opinion have more maneuverability and certainly more flotation. I have seen in many cases where the Mark V and VI tanks could maneuver nicely over ground where the M4 would bog down. On one occasion I saw at least 10 Royal Tigers [Tiger B] make a counter attack against us over ground that for us was nearly impassible"[69]
U.S. crews found that on soft ground such as mud or snow, the narrow tracks gave poor ground pressure compared to wide-tracked second-generation German tanks such as the Panther and the Tiger. Soviet experiences were similar and tracks were modified to give better grip in the snow. The U.S. Army issued extended end connectors, "grousers" or "duckbills" to add width to the standard tracks as a stopgap solution. Duckbills were original factory equipment for the heavy M4A3E2 Jumbo to compensate for the extra weight of armor. The M4A3E8 "Easy Eight" Shermans and other late models with wider-tracked HVSS suspension corrected these problems, but formed only a small proportion of the tanks in service even in 1945.

[edit]US variants

The M4A1, A2 and A3 compared.
This M32 Tank Recovery Vehicle shows the E8 HVSS track suspension that distributed weight more widely.
M74 Tank Recovery Vehicle.
Vehicles that used the M4 chassis or hull:

[]Foreign variants

The Sherman was extensively supplied through Lend-Lease to Allied countries[citation needed]. Britain took nearly 80% of Lend-Lease deliveries[citation needed], some of which was passed on to other allies. Soviet Union between 1942 and 1945 years has received 3664 tanks M4A2 with diesel engines. Some of these remained in service for many years[citation needed]. After World War II, Shermans were supplied to some NATO armies; Shermans were used by U.S. and allied forces in the Korean War.
Shermans also went to Israel[citation needed]. The Israeli up-gunned 75 mm M-50 and 105 mm armed M-51 Super Shermans are remarkable examples of how a long obsolete design can be upgraded in front-line use.[70] They saw combat in the 1967 Six-Day War, fighting Soviet World War II-era armor like the T34/85, and also in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, proving effective even against newer, heavier Soviet tanks like the T-54and T-55.
Foreign users
 Argentina
 Australia
 Brazil
 Canada
 Chile
 Cuba
 Denmark
 Egypt
 Free France
 Nazi Germany (captured tanks)
 India
 Iran
 Israel
 Italy (post war)
 Lebanon
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Nicaragua
 Pakistan
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Philippines
 Poland
 Portugal
 Republic of China
 Saudi Arabia
 South Africa
 South Korea
 Japan (Post War bought and War-Time captured tanks)
 Soviet Union
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 Yugoslavia

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